Tuna Baya:
TARIHIN MASARAUTAR KANEM-BORNO KAMMALALLE.
16-May-2016
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
AGISYMBA, wani yanki ne daya fito daga bakin shahararren masanin kimiyya da falsafa dan kasar Girka mai suna Ptolemy, wanda kuma ya rayu a garin Alekzandariya a wajejen shekaru 100 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) daga qasa zuwa sama.
A cewar ptolemy, agisymba wani gari ne dayake dauke da manyan dabbobi misalin giwaye da manyan Kangaru, tare da manya-manyan tsaunika, kuma garin yana kudu da garin Fezzan (dake libya a yanzu) da nisan tafiyar watanni hudu kacal.
Ance Ptolemy ya samu wannan labari ne daga hannun wani masanin girma da fadin duniya mai suna Manus. Shikuma Manus shine wanda tun alokacin ya bayyana cewa kusurwowin duniya guda hudu ne: Garin Thule (dake norway a yau) shine qarshen duniya a yamma, sai kuma yankin Agisymba wanda yake qarshen duniya a gabas. Sai tsibirin kanari (Cannaries) (wanda yake a qasar spain) ya zama qarshen duniya ta arewa, yayin da garin Shera (china kenan) yake a matsayin qarshen duniya ta kudu.
Shikuwa Manus, kamar yadda aka ruwaito, ya samu wannan labari ne daga bakin matafiya dake karadawa sassan duniya tare da binciken sa ga tsofaffun takardu wadanda masanan da suka gabace shi suka gabata.
Wannan gari na Agisymba, ance ya bace, ko kuma an daina jin duriyar sa har izuwa shekara ta 700 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S). Inda akace anji labarin wata masarauta mai suna KANEM- wadda akace ta kafu a wani gari da ake kira Manan, sunan zuriyar (qabilar) dake mulkinta shine DUGUWA (wadansu kuma na cewa Zhagawa), yaren da suke yarawa kuwa sunan sa KANEMBOU, yaren da ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga qabilar SAO. Qabilar da akace sune usulin mazauna yankin daga baya suka rarrabu izuwa al'ummatai daban-daban misalin kotoko, budumu, gamergu, da kanembou. Ita kuwa qabilar Sao, wasu na jita-jitar cewa tsatso ne na jikokin Hyksos, wani jarumi wanda ya kafa tsohuwar daular egypt daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Daga baya wannan masarauta ta sauya sheqa izuwa garin N'jima (ma'anar wannan suna a yaren Tedaga, (Teda, Tebu, Toubou' duk sunan yaren ne) wanda wani yanki acikin ala'ummar kudancin Fezzen ke yarawa shine 'KUDU')
Dier Lange, a littafinsa mai suna 'The founding of kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca 600BC' yayi kokari matuqa wajen wassafou fahimtarsa bisa alaqar kafuwar daular Kanem daga larabawan syria. Inda ya bayar da tarihin Sarkin masarautar na farko mai suna Sef da mahaifiyarsa Aisa wadda yace ta haife shine a garin Baghadada, daga baya rikice-rikice suka auku a masarautar wanda yasa Sef din ya jagoranci tawaga suka baro garin. Sannan kuma acewarsa, a wancan lokacin, Yankin Kanem Alqarya ce babba. Har ma ya qara da cewa littafin tarihin da mai binciken tarihi dan qasar jamus Heinrich Barth ya gano a shekarar 1851 mai suna Girgam wanda yake dauke da sunayen sarakunan kanem goma sha hudu na farko, ya samo asali ne daga kalmar 'Girginakku', wadda ake fassarata da yaren Akkadian (tsohon yaren Masarautar Syria) da "Akwatin takardu".
A fahimtar mu, wannan yanki yana dauke da mutane shekaru dubunnai da suka gabata, sai dai tarihin su ya bace tayadda bamu samu labarin yadda rayuwa takasance musu ba, kawai dai abinda tarihi ya nuna shine qabilar duguwa(zhagawa) wadanda ainihinsu makiyaya ne, sun yi shawarar tsayawa da yawace-yawacen kiwo gami da samar da gari nasu na kansu a wani lokaci wajajen shekaru 600 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) (dai-dai da shekaru 32 kafin Annabi Muhammad S.a.w yayi wafati), don haka zuwan larabawan syria yankin wataqila shine yayi silar fito da wurin. Kuma kasancewar sunayen Sarakunan6 kanem na farko wadanda ake kira da 'magumi' ake kuma yi musu laqabi da 'mai' (ma'ana Sarki) kamar yadda yazo a kundin tarihin masarautar watau 'Girgam', yayi kamanceceniya da sunayen mutanen syria, zaifi kyau mu amince da zuwan su wannan yanki na agisymba kamar yadda tsohon sunansa yake.
Sai dai kuma akwai sabanin masana tarihi akan ainihin abinda ya faru a lokacin da Siriyawa suka qaraso wannan yanki. Shin kafa garinsu sukayi na daban, wanda daga bisani suka cinye garuruwan dake kusanci dasu da yaqi har suka maida garin daukakakke? Ko kuwa gari suka fara risqa sannan suka karbe ikon garin daga hannun masu mulkinsa?
Abinda tarihi dai ya tabbatar shine, Sarki Sef dan qabilar duguwa (zhagawa) shine sarki na farko da aka fara rubutawa a matsayin sarkin masarutar Kanem. Yayi sarautarsa a wajajen shekara ta 700, daga nan sai Ibrahim wanda ya fara mulki a shekara ta 740, sai Dugu a amshi mulki a shekarata 785 , daga nan sai Fune 835, sai Arsu a 893, sai Katur a 942, sai Buyuma a 961, sai Bulu a 1091, sai Arku a 1035, sai Shu a 1077, sai Selma (Abdal Djahl) wanda akace shine musulmi na farko, ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1081, wannan kuma shine yakawo qarshen mulkin sarakunan Duguwa (Zhagawa) akan mulkin masarautar kanem.
Domin ance a shekarar 1085 ne 'Mai Humme' ya qwace mulki, shine mafarin fara mulkin zuriyar Saifawa wadanda akewa sarakunan su laqabi da 'Mai', zuriyarda saida ta shafe kusan shekaru 700 tana tafiyar da mulkin masarautar. Ance a lokacin mulkinsa ne musulunci ya warwatsu a masarautar kanemi, aka giggina masallatai da yawa da wuraren daukar darasu. Wannan abu sai ya batawa wani yanki na tshohuwar qabilar Zhagawa rai, suka qi karbar musulunci. Daga bisani ma sai suka tashi daga garin sukayi gabas can wajajen Tafkin Chadi. Acan ne sukayi qarfi suka kuma fara kawo hari masarautar kanem. Wannan shine asalin qabilar Bulala da zhagawa kashi na biyu wadanda suka bar masarautar su ta gado, kuma shine asalin duk wata rigima data addabi wannan masarauta.
A shekarata 1210 ne Mai Dunama Dibbalemi ya amshi mulki. Shine sarkin daya fara qaddamar da yaqin jihadi don yada addinin musulunci ga sarakunan dake kewaye dashi. Sannan ya nemi kafa alaqar kasuwanci da qasashen larabawa, harma da gina Masaukin Alhazansa a garin Alqahira.
Wannan sarki ya kafa tarihi matuqa a masarautar Kanem. Domin ance shine wanda ya karya dodon tsafi mai sina 'MUNE', wanda maguzawan zhagawa ke bautawa, ya hana mutane bauta masa, sannan ya kira al'ummatai izuwa musulunci. Sai kuma shekarar 1473 inda Ali Gajideni ya amshi mulki. Shikuwa Gajideni, shine sarkin daya harhada kawunnan qabilun borno bayan yaqi ya rabasu gida biyu. Sannan ya yaqi kabilar Bulala, wadda take zuriya ce tsatson Zhagawa masu yaqi da masarautar borno. Sannan kuma shine sarkin daya dauke cibiyar masarauta daga yankin Kanem izuwa yankin Borno, ya koma wani gari mai suna Ngazargamu da mulki. Sai kuma Idris Katakarmabe ya hau mulki a shekarar 1507, wanda akace shine ya qarasa cinye qabilar Bulala da yaqi, ya koresu, tilas suka gudu gabashin borno da rayuwa har kuma ya maishe da fadar sa izuwa tsohon garin da masarautar ta kafu watau N'jemi na wucin gadi.
Abinda ya kamata makaranta su sani shine, yaqe-yaqe da hare-hare sun rinqa aukuwa daga qabilar zaghawa izuwa garuruwan masarautar kanem. Masana tarihi ma irinsu Ibn Yaqub sun ruwaito cewa a jerin wadannan Yaqe-yaqe sai da zaghawa suka kashe sarakunan kanem guda biyar daga cikin shidda wadanda suka yi mulki daga shekara ta 1386- izuwa shekarata 1400, wadanda kuma suka fito daga gidan sarautar Saifawa. Don haka awannan lokaci, yaqi ne da yayi zafi a inda qabilar 'Bulala' ta cinye garin n'jimi da yaqi, sai hakan ya tursasa qabilar sayfawa barin N'jimi dake Qasar kanem izuwa garin Ngazargamu dake qasar Borno .
Abu na gaba shine hawan Idris Alauma mulki a wajajen shakara ta 1580 (wasu sukace 1571). Wannan abu ya janyowa masarautar Borno girma da kwarjini a duniya ma baki daya. Ance wannan sarki yayi yaqoqi sama da dubu, ya kuma samu nasara a kusan yakuna dari hudu kamar yadda akace an samu tarihin yaqin sa wata tsohuwar waqa da akayi masa da kuma littafin 'Ghazawat Bornu' (yaqoqin bornu) wanda akace shugaban malaman sa mai suna Ibn Furtu ya rubuta. Ance Mai Alauma ya fadada girman masarautar borno, domin ya cinye kano a yamma, ya cinye wani yanki na garin Fezzan arewa, ya cinye Outara a yamma, ya kuma cinye garuruwan Zhagawa a gabas. Alokacin sane kuma masarautar Ottoman ta turo da wakilanta qasar borno don qarfafa danganta tsakanin masarautun biyu.
Haqiqa Sarki alouma yayi aiki matuqa ta hanyar sakewa dakarun yaqin sa fasali, inda ya samar musu da dabaru kala-kala, yasa aka giggina musu manyan jiragen ruwa na yaqi, tare da samar musu da dumbin makamai.
Daga nan kuma sunayen sarakunan borno sun qara bacewa a tarihi, har zuwa wajajen shekara ta 1780 inda akaji labarin Ahmad Alimi akan gadon sarauta, wanda akace ya runqa fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani mabiya Usman bn Fodio. Sannan daga bisani akace dansa Dunama IX Lefiagi ne ke mulkin masarautar. A shekarar 1809 ne Muhammad Ngilerumma ya amshi mulki, wanda bai dade ba sai Muhammadul Aminu Al-Kanemi wanda yake tsatson qabilar Kanem ya amshi mulki, wanda hakan shine usulin fara mulkin Shehunnai (Sarakuna masu laqabin Shehu) har izuwa yau.
Ance usulin karbar mulkin muhammadul Amin El-Kanemi shine, Sarki Dunama ne ya gayyato shi a matsayinsa na jarumi kuma malami domin ya taimaka a cinye Fulani da yaqi. Alokacin ma har wani bafillatani mai suna mallam zaki ya jagoranci tawaga an qone babban birnin Borno mai suna Ngazargamu da yaqi. Mahaifin el-kanemi ummaru, ya kasance dan qabilar kanem ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa balarabiyar libya ce daga qabilar Toureg, kuma ya taso ne acikin ilimi.
Don haka da yazo, sai yayi wasu tsare-tsare tare da samar da sulhu. Wannan kuma sai ya bashi farin jini, sarki Dunama ya bashi kyaututtuka gami da lambar yabo ta 'Sheikh'. Daga baya kuma al'umma suka ce sunfi sonsa ya zamo sarki. Har wasu sukace sa'ar daya zamo sarki, ya caccaki Usman dan fodio da dansa Muhammad bello a wasu takardu daya rinqa turawa sokoto, bisa yadda zasu yaqi masarautar da sama da shekaru dari takwas take kan turbar musulunci. Sannan kuma a shekarar 1814, shehun borno Muhammadu el-kanemi ya mayarda fadar borno izuwa garin kukawa.
A shekara ta 1837, bayan rasuwar Muhammadul Amin, sai dansa Ummaru ya hau karaga, daga nan aka fara kiransa da shehun borno Ummaru dan Muhammadul Amin. Yayi mulkinsa har izuwa lokacin rasuwar sa a shekara ta 1881 inda kuma qarfin masarautar ya fara raguwa, shine kuma dansa Shehun borno Bukar kuka ya amshi mulki. A wannan lokaci ance tattalin arziqin borno ya karye, tilas Bukar kuka ya sanyawa mabiyansa haraji, abinda ake kira 'Kumoreji' da yaren kanuri.
A shekara ta 1885, dan uwan Bukar kura mai suna ibrahim kura ya gajeshi. A lokacin sane kuma ya Rabeh (Rabih Az-zubair) ya dirkako wa masarautar borno da yaqi, ya kuma rinqa samun nasara akan shehun borno ibrahim kura (Hashimi), don haka shekarar 1893 dan uwan ibrahim kura mai suna kyari ya kashe shi a garin maganwa, sannan ya hau mulki. Ba ajima ba Rabeh ya kori shehu Kyari daga kukawa, ya qwace garin. Wannan yasa Kyari ya shirya don qwato garinsa, amma a rashin sa'a dayazo yaqin sai Rabeh ya cishi da yaqi harma ya kame shi. Ance kalmomin daya fada na qarshen rayuwarsa kafin Rabeh ya hallakashi sune "ku fadawa wannan wulaqantaccen bawa, idan da nine na kame shi, ba abinda zan tambayeshi, kasheshi zanyi. Dan haka ya daina mini tambayoyi, idan yana da wani abu kurum yayi..''
Bayan Rabeh ya kashe kyari a shekara ta 1894, sai Sanda Wuduroma ya karbi mulki. Shima dai bai jima ba akace wani dakare mai suna Gadum, daka cikin dakarun Rabeh ya hallaka shi a wani wuri da ake kira Wuduro. Shine sai Abubakar Garbai ya gajeshi. A shekarar 1922 ne kuma ya mutu, sai sanda kura ya gajeshi har izuwa 1937 inda sanda Kyarimi ya gajeshi har zuwa 1967, sannan Umar ibn Abubakar Garbai ya hau mulki. Shima dai a shekarata 1974 ya mutu, sai mustafa ibn Umar Garbai Alkanemi ya hau mulki wanda Allah yayiwa rasuwa a shekarar 2009. Wannan ne ya kawo hawan mulkin Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai Alkanemi wanda yake kan mulki har zuwa yau..